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省略

省略(Elliptical Sentences)是将句子中一个或多个成分省去,避免重复,使语言简练紧凑的一种语法手段,在英语中,凡是能省去的词语通常都应省去,省略后的结果不仅能使句子更加精炼,而且还可起到连接上下文使相邻词语受到强调的作用。

1. 简单句中的省略​

(1). 省略主语​

通常多用在祈使句或口语中的固定表述中

Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。 Have a good time. 愿你过得愉快。 Hurry up!  快一点! Haven't seen you for ages. 好久不见了。

(2).省略谓语或谓语的一部分​

(Does) Anybody need help?  谁要帮忙吗?

(Is there)Anything you want? 你要什么东西吗?

Who (comes) next? 该谁了?

(3).省略主语和谓语的一部分​

(Do you) Understand?  (你)明白吗?

(Come) This way, please.  请这边走。

(I am) Afraid I can't come. 恐怕不能来了。

(4).同时省略多种句子成分​

Diana likes reading better than going to parties.(than后省掉了she likes)

黛安娜爱读书而不爱去参加聚会。

You are a college student, aren't you? (=aren't you a college student?)

你是一名大学生,不是吗?

Has she gone or not?(= Has she gone or has she not gone?)

她走了没有?

2. 并列句中的省略​

(1).当并列的主语相同时,后面的主语被省略​

The car was quite old but (it) was in excellent condition.

这部车相当旧了,但机器性能还非常好。

They shook hands and (they) began to talk at once.

他们握了手后立刻开始谈话。

(2).当并列的谓语动词相同时,动词(包括助动词、不定式等)可省略​

Reading makes a full man; conference (makes) a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实;讨论使人机智;写作使人准确。

Some of us study French, others (study) German.

我们中有的学法语,有的学德语。

(3).省略动词宾语和介词宾语​

Let’s do the dishes.I’ll wash (the dishes) and you dry (the dishes).

我们洗碗吧,我来洗碗,你来把碗弄干。

(4).省略定语​

A group of young boys and (young) girls are dancing on the meadow below the hill.

一群少男少女在山下的草地上跳舞。

(5).省略状语​

He was not hurt. (How) Strange!

他没有受伤。真奇怪!

(6).省略多种句子成分​

We tried to help her but (we tried) in vain.

我们想法子帮他,但没用。

Kate is easy in conversation and (she is) graceful in manner.

凯特谈吐从容,举止优雅。

3. 名词性从句中的省略​

(1). 在wh-从句中的省略。​

He came to see me once, but I don't remember when (he came to see me).

他曾经来看过我,但我忘了是什么时候了。

Somebody has taken away my dictionary by mistake, but I don't know who (has taken my dictionary).

有人错拿了我的词典,但我不知道是谁。

You were late again,and I hope you will explain why (you were late again).

你又迟到了,我希望你能解释一下为什么。

(2). 引导宾语、主语、表语从句的连词that通常可以省略。​

It is a pity (that) he can't come.

遗憾的是他不能来。

4. 定语从句中的省略​

(1). 关系代词的省略​
① who(m),which或that在从句中作动词宾语时可以省略。如:​

The computer(which) I wanted to buy was sold out.

我想买的那种电脑卖完了。

The actress (whom/who/that) he admired so much died last week.

他崇拜不已的那位女演员上个星期去世了。

② who(m),which或that在从句中作位于句末的介词宾语时可以省略。如:​

This is the person (whom/that/who) you are looking for.

这就是你要找的那个人。

③ 在以there is, it is,this is, who is开头的句子里,作主语用的关系代词被省略。如:​

This is the fastest train (that) is to Beijing.

这是到北京最快的一趟列车。

(2). that在定语从句中作表语时可以省略。​

He is no longer the man (that) he used to be.

他不再是过去的那个人了。

My hometown is not a polluted place (that) you think it to be.

我的家乡不是像你认为的那样,是一个污染严重的地方。

(3). the same...as引导的定语从句中的部分内容通常可以省略​

I have the same trouble as you (have).

我和你有同样困难。

5. 状语从句中的省略​

(1). 在时间状语从句中,如果从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,而且从句中的动词为be,则把从句中的主语和be一并省略。​

Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.

穿越街道时注意车辆。

(2). 在地点状语从句中,如果从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,而且从句中的动词为be时,则把从句中的主语和be一并省略。​

Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where (it is) necessary.

用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。

Avoid structure of this kind where (it is) possible.

只要可能就要避免这种结构。

(3).在条件状语从句中,如果从句中含有“It+be+形容词”结构,将it和be省略。如果从句中的动词为“助动词+-ed分词”则将主语和助动词一并省略。​

If (it is) necessary I'll have the paper copied.

如果必要我可以请人把这篇文章复印一下。

(4). 在让步状语从句中,当从句中的主语和主句中的主语相同,而且从句的动词为be,则将从句中的主语和be一并省略。​

Though (they are) reduced in numbers,they are still strong.

虽然人数减少了,但他们仍很强大。

(5). 在方式状语从句中,省略主语和be的某种形式,只保留形容词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。​

Lucy hurriedly left the room as if (she was) angry.

露西急匆匆地走出房去,好像很生气的样子。

(6). 在比较状语从句中的省略。​

省略作主语的what。如:

They have got more than (what) is necessary.

他们得到的太多了。

省略谓语动词。如:

He has lived here longer than I (has lived).

他在这儿住的时间比我长。

省略主语和谓语或谓语的一部分。如:

It was not so hot yesterday as (it is) today.

昨天没有今天热。

6. 各类词语的省略​

(1). 名词(短语)的省略​

One hour today is worth two (hours) tomorrow. 今天的一小时胜过明天的两小时。

She likes classical (music) and country music. 她喜欢古典音乐和乡村音乐。

(2). 限定词或代词的省略​

(A)Friend of mine gave it to me. 我的一位朋友给我的。

(The)Trouble is we can't afford it.  问题是我们买不起。

My teachers and (my) fellow students have never heard about it.

我的老师和同学都未听到过这件事。

(3). 介词的省略​

(Of)Course that's only a beginning. 当然这只是一个开头。

Why don't you catch up on it (on) Sunday? 为什么不想办法星期天把它做完。

(4). 不定式的(短语)的省略​

He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). 我们曾邀请过他,但他没来。 Her work is to look after the child and (to) cook. 她的任务是看孩子做饭。

(5). 分词的省略​

The meeting (being) over, we all left the room. 会议结束以后,我们都离开了房间。

Our work (having been) finished, we went home. 工作完成之后,我们就回家了。

(6). 存在句中there的省略​

(There) Must be something wrong with the car. 汽车一定出了什么毛病。

(There)Appears to be an accident over there. 那边好像出了事故。

7. 省略的一些特殊用途​

(1). 用于成语、谚语及一些固定的说法​

What if it rains when we can't get under shelter?

假如下起雨来,我们又没处避雨可怎么办?

How about going to France for our holidays? 咱们到法国去度假好吗?

More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。

An idle youth, a needly age. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

First come, first served. 先来先卖。/先到的先招待。

Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。

No pains, no gains. 不劳则无获。

(2).用于口语中常见的省略句型​

Thanks! (=I thank you very much!) 多谢你!

Not at all! (= You needn't thank me at all) 不客气。

Sorry. (=I'm sorry.)  对不起。

Never mind.(=You never mind.) 没关系。

Enough! (=That's enough.) 够了!

See you later.(=I shall see you later.) 再见!

(3). 用于电报、广告、公共揭示用语、笔记、摘要、日记、报纸标题以及一些固定的表格​

Congratulations on Your Great Success in Exam for Ph.D. Degree! 祝贺你参加博士学位考试成绩优异! (电报)

Passed TOEFL Exam Marks 636. 通过托福考试成绩636分。(电报)

Wanted: a typist. 招聘: 打字员一名。(广告)

Keep off the Grass(Lawn)! 勿踏草地!(标语)

No Unauthorized Photography! 未经准许,不准拍照!(标语)